Transnational Solidarity and State Reform Movements

Movements and programs that organize across state borders in solidarity, or that reform a state's own institutions from within its ruling apparatus, including the Pan-African Movement, the Non-Aligned Movement, and the Tanzimat, the Ottoman Empire's own top-down nineteenth-century reform program, grouped here as the named least-wrong bucket for a state-led reform program among these 23 entities, a browsing convenience rather than a claim that a transnational solidarity movement and a state reform program are the same kind of thing. Belongs here: a movement organized across national borders in solidarity with other peoples, or a reform program driven by a state's own governing apparatus rather than a domestic grassroots campaign. Does not belong here: a domestic grassroots campaign for rights or independence within one territory, grouped under the other subcategories above.